The chart shows some of the general applications for neutrons. The majority are contactless measurement or radiometric gauge techniques. The ranking of application versus the neutron source strength is only approximate. Modern gamma detectors and data processing have been developed to the point where commercial applications have been impeded by the lack of commercially viable neutron sources. Such applications systems must be operated outside of licenced nuclear research laboratories where neutron source safety, reliability and longevity are paramount requirements. This dilema can now be overcome by means of NSD's proven and available LNG neutron generator technology.
The output levels are for D-D 2.5 MeV neutrons. More penetrating D-T 14 MeV neutrons may be generated with ~ 80 times more neutrons per second output.
The physics of fusion interactions within the reaction chamber to release neutrons is illustrated below. The low pressure gas is ionized and the ions are accelerated by the high voltage induced electrostatic field. There is enough acquired kinetic energy above approximately 15 kV for nuclear fusion of the low atomic number nuclii. Nominal voltage is about 90 kV.
There are various neutron interactions which yield gamma photons for spectral analysis. A good commercial neutron interrogation system must combine sensitive detectors which can discriminate the gamma photon energies and efficiently use most of the available gamma photons. Computing technology must rapidly process the raw detector data to provide meaningful information. The detectors must be able to operate without costly support such as a regular re-supply of liquid nitrogen coolant. The neutron source certainly must also be low maintenance tolerant and long lived.
The neutron interactions may be used in various combinations for gamma spectroscopy, radiometric gauge measurement and imaging.
PGNAA stands for Prompt or Pulsed Gamma Neutron Activation Analysis. It is well established in online cement analyzer systems. The next generation of cement and coal analyzers can greatly benefit from the NSD neutron generator which has superior life cycle economics and versatility.
Explosive Detection Systems that use neutron interactions measure the relative abundance of unique gamma spectral peaks such as that produced by nitrogen which occurs in almost all explosive compounds.
Contraband Detection Systems use the neutron-gamma reactions to measure the spectra and compare the actual with a library of spectral signatures for a possible match for various prohibited substances and exclusion of safe substances.
Neutron radiography is also feasible by new and innovative design of Non Destructive Examination (NDE) systems.
The Boron Neutron Capture reaction is being developed as a medical therapy.
P.E.T. isotope production utilizes the D-3He or 3He-3He fusion reaction to generate protons. Helium-3 is a rare isotope which is far more abundant on the Moon than on Earth.
If you have an industrial or security problem that neutrons may solve, then please contact us in order to discuss how we together with our associates and partners can help with a measurement system solution.